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The sponge and dough method is a two-step bread making process: in the first step a ''sponge'' is made and allowed to ferment for a period of time, and in the second step the ''sponge'' is added to the ''final dough's'' ingredients, creating the ''total formula''.〔 In this usage, synonyms for ''sponge'' are ''yeast starter'' or ''yeast pre-ferment''.〔The phrases "yeast starter" and "yeast pre-ferment" may be considered oxymoronic when the context of "starter" and "pre-ferment" are referring to natural yeast or sourdough leavens which include relatively large populations of lactic acid bacteria.〕 In French baking the ''sponge and dough'' method is known as ''levain-levure''. The method is reminiscent of the sourdough or ''levain'' methods; however, the sponge is made from all fresh ingredients prior to being used in the final dough. ==Method== A sponge ferment is usually a sticky process that uses part of the flour, part or all of the water, and part or all of the yeast of a total- or straight-dough formula. Highly liquid sponges of batter consistencies are mixed with a whip, spoon, or fork. Lower hydration, stiffer sponges are lightly mixed or kneaded just until the dough begins to develop. The sponge is allowed to rest and ferment for a period of time in an environment of a desired temperature and humidity. When the sponge's fermentation time has elapsed or it has reached a desired volumetric growth characteristic, the ''final dough's'' ingredients are added. The ''gluten is developed'' in the mixing or kneading process, and it may then be processed through further ''work'' and ''rest'' cycles before being ''proofed'' then baked. The sum of the sponge and final dough's ingredients represents the total formula.〔〔The total formula could be conceived as equivalent to a straight-dough formula, with the separate sponge & dough formulas representing the additional process.〕 A generic 65% pre-fermented flour sponge-and-dough formula using bakers' percentages follows: : The sponge's fermentation time depends on its temperature and that of the surrounding area, the ingredients used, and the percentage amount of yeast. It ferments in a humid environment at , where it may ''rise'' and expand to 4-5 times its original volume, when it ''falls'' it has reached 66-70% of its allotted time. One significant decision the baker must make when designing such a formula, or adapting a ''direct'' or ''straight-dough''〔 Sponge and separate Dough sections contrast with embedded discussion of straight dough.〕 formula or recipe, is to decide the sponge-to-dough flour ratio.〔 While the relative amounts of ingredients used may vary, the method remains the same. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sponge and dough」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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